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From the Hague to Belém: Synergies Between Recent Normative Developments on Climate Finance and the Path Towards 1.3 Trillion and Beyond

From the Hague to Belém: Synergies Between Recent Normative Developments on Climate Finance and the Path Towards 1.3 Trillion and Beyond

This publication argues that climate finance is not a matter of political goodwill but a binding legal obligation under international climate law, human rights law and general international law, and that recent normative developments significantly strengthen the case for scaling up finance to at least USD 1.3 trillion per year by 2035. 

The publication critically assesses the outcomes of COP29 and COP30, highlighting the inadequacy of the New Collective Quantified Goal and the weak follow-up through the Baku to Belém Roadmap, while showing how recent advisory opinions from the International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, along with evolving interpretations by UN human rights bodies, clarify states’ extraterritorial duties to cooperate, provide finance and prevent harm. 

‘From the Hague to Belém’ demonstrates how principles such as common but differentiated responsibilities, polluter pays, and the obligation to realise economic, social and cultural rights to the maximum of available resources give legal weight to demands for predictable, grant-based and non-debt-creating climate finance. 

The report also identifies concrete pathways to advance ambition beyond COP30, including leveraging upcoming UNFCCC work programmes, aligning climate finance debates with fiscal reform and international tax cooperation, and using human rights standards as advocacy tools to rebalance negotiating power in favour of developing countries and communities most affected by the climate crisis. 

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